下面每个例句都包含三部分:原文、逐词标注(说明每个词的作用),以及自然的翻译。逐词标注使用了一些简写标签,以便保持简洁。无需刻意记忆-本指南可随时回查。
人称与数 · 1sg / 2sg / 3sg : 第一 / 第二 / 第三人称单数(我、你、他/她/它) · 1pl / 2pl / 3pl : 第一 / 第二 / 第三人称复数(我们、你们、他们)
性与格 · m / f / n : 阳性 / 阴性 / 中性 · sg / pl : 单数 / 复数 · m.sg : 组合形式:阳性单数(同理还有 f.pl、n.sg 等) · NOM / ACC / GEN / DAT / INS / LOC : 语法格(主格/宾格/属格/与格/工具格/方位格): 表示该词在句中扮演的角色
时与体 · PRES : 现在时 · PRET : 简单过去时(已完成的过去事件) · IMPF : 未完成过去时(持续或习惯性的过去情境) · FUT : 将来时 · PERF : 完成时(与当下相关、已完成的动作) · PROG : 进行体(正在进行的动作,如 am eating) · COND : 条件式(would……)
语气 · IND : 陈述式(一般陈述) · SUBJ : 虚拟式(不确定、愿望、怀疑) · IMP : 命令式(命令) · INF : 不定式(词典原形:to go、to eat)
其他 · REFL : 反身(动作作用于自身:myself、yourself) · PERS : 人称 a(仅西班牙语-标示人称直接宾语) · HON : 敬语(特别礼貌的形式,常见于日语/韩语) · TOP / SUB / OBJ : 主题 / 主语 / 宾语标记(日语、韩语) · CL : 量词(汉语、日语、韩语-名词的计数词) · NEG : 否定
英语遵循严格的主语 + 动词 + 宾语(SVO)语序。与许多语言不同,词语不能随意调换位置-词在句中的位置通常就决定了它的角色。表示时间和地点的成分通常放在句末,有时放在句首,但很少出现在句中。方式副词(说明“如何”)一般紧随宾语之后。由于英语几乎没有格的词尾变化,语序便成了判断谁对谁做了什么的主要依据。比较:The dog bites the man(狗咬人)与 The man bites the dog(人咬狗)。
英语有两种冠词。不定冠词 a / an(仅用于单数)用于首次提及某物或泛指同类中的任意一个。在辅音音素前用 a,在元音音素前用 an:a book、an apple、a university(读作 yu-)、an hour(h 不发音)。定冠词 the 用于特指或双方已知的事物。在泛指大多数复数名词和不可数名词时省略冠词:Dogs are friendly(狗很友好),I like music(我喜欢音乐)。在大多数专有名词、语言名称、餐名以及许多地点前也省略冠词:I speak English(我说英语),She is at home(她在家)。
英语代词按句法角色变化,而不按性别变化(he/she/it 除外)。主格(动词前):I, you, he, she, it, we, they。宾格(动词或介词后):me, you, him, her, it, us, them。物主形容词(名词前):my, your, his, her, its, our, their。物主代词(单独使用):mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs。you 单复数同形,正式与非正式场合也通用。it 用于事物、动物和天气。主语代词几乎总是必须出现的-不能像西班牙语或意大利语那样省略。
英语动词几乎不变化。在一般现在时中,规则动词只在第三人称单数(he/she/it)加 -s;其他人称都用动词原形。to be 是最不规则的:I am, you are, he/she/it is, we/you/they are。to have:I/you/we/they have, he/she/it has。to do:I/you/we/they do, he/she/it does。-s 词尾的拼写规则:以 -s、-sh、-ch、-x、-o 结尾的动词加 -es(goes、watches);以辅音 + y 结尾的动词把 y 改为 -ies(study → studies)。
英语有两种现在时。一般现在时用来描述习惯、日常、事实和长期状态:主语 + 动词原形(第三人称单数加 -s)。常见时间标志:every day(每天)、always(总是)、usually(通常)、never(从不)。现在进行时(或进行体)用来描述正在发生的动作或暂时性情况:主语 + am/is/are + 动词-ing。常见时间标志:now(现在)、right now(此刻)、at the moment(此时)、today(今天)。有些动词(称为状态动词)很少用进行时:know、like、want、need、believe、understand。这些情况下用一般现在时:I know him(不说 I am knowing him)。
一般过去时描述发生在确定过去时间的已完成动作。规则动词加 -ed(work → worked、play → played)。许多常用动词是不规则的,需要熟记(go → went、see → saw、eat → ate、have → had)。所有人称形式相同。常见时间标志:yesterday(昨天)、last week(上周)、in 2020(2020 年)、ago(……以前)。现在完成时(have/has + 过去分词)把过去与现在联系起来:表示对现在有影响的动作,或一段时间内不指明具体时间的经历。常见标志:ever、never、already、yet、just、since、for。
英语没有单一的将来时形式,而是借助助动词来表达。will + 动词原形用于预测、临时决定、承诺以及一般的将来事实:It will rain tomorrow(明天会下雨)。be going to + 动词原形用于事先决定好的计划,以及基于当下证据的预测:I am going to study tonight(我今晚要学习)。两者在日常口语中常可互换,但 will 更显临时,going to 更显计划性。否定形式:will not / won't、am/is/are not going to。现在进行时也可以表达已安排好的将来计划:I am meeting John on Friday(我周五要见约翰)。
英语一般现在时的变位极为简洁。对几乎所有规则动词来说,除第三人称单数(he / she / it / 名字 / 单数事物)外,所有人称的形式都与词典原形完全相同-第三人称单数要加 -s(-s、-sh、-ch、-x、-o 后加 -es;辅音 + y 后改为 -ies)。主语代词是必须出现的:英语不可省略它(Speaks French 不是完整的句子)。
| 人称 | 代词 | to work(规则) | to go(规则拼写) | to study(y 改 ies) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | I | work | go | study |
| 2sg | you | work | go | study |
| 3sg | he / she / it | works | goes | studies |
| 1pl | we | work | go | study |
| 2pl | you | work | go | study |
| 3pl | they | work | go | study |
**缩写形式与助动词 do。** 陈述句中通常省略助动词,但疑问句和否定句中助动词会回来:Do you work? / She doesn't work. be、have、do 本身是不规则动词:I am / you are / he is、I have / he has、I do / he does。口语中大量缩写:I'm, you're, he's, she's, it's, we're, they're;I've, you've, he's(= he has), they've;don't, doesn't。
适用于习惯、日常、普遍真理、固定事件以及状态含义(I live in Rome. Water boils at 100°C. The train leaves at six. I know her.)。若要表达此刻正在发生的事,改用进行时(见下一节)。
常见错误。 忘记第三人称单数 -s 是最常见的错误(She speak English:错;She speaks English)。给其他人称加 -s 同样错误(I works:错)。状态动词(know、want、need、like、believe、understand、own)不用进行时:说 I want coffee,而非 I am wanting coffee。
现在进行时(也称现在持续时)描述此刻正在进行的动作、当前阶段的暂时情况,或已确定的将来安排。结构始终是:主语 + am/is/are + 动词-ing。
| 人称 | 代词 | be | -ing 形式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | I | am ('m) | working / eating / going |
| 2sg | you | are ('re) | working / eating / going |
| 3sg | he / she / it | is ('s) | working / eating / going |
| 1pl | we | are ('re) | working / eating / going |
| 2pl | you | are ('re) | working / eating / going |
| 3pl | they | are ('re) | working / eating / going |
-ing 形式的拼写。 末尾不发音的 -e 去掉(write → writing、take → taking)。单个重读元音后的单个末尾辅音双写(run → running、sit → sitting、begin → beginning)。末尾 -ie 改为 -y(lie → lying、die → dying)。
常见用法。 - 此刻:I'm reading. - 这段时期(不一定是此刻):She's learning Korean this year. - 趋势/变化:The weather is getting warmer. - 带 always 表示令人厌烦的习惯:He's always losing his keys! - 已确定的将来安排:We're flying to Tokyo on Monday.
否定和疑问。 I'm not working. / Are you working? / Why is she crying?
常见错误。 不能省略 be(I working now:错;I'm working now)。状态动词不用进行时:want、know、need、like、love、hate、prefer、believe、mean、seem、own、belong、hear、see(感知)。I am wanting a coffee 是错的,应说 I want a coffee。有些动词兼有状态义和动作义,含义不同:I think you're right(表观点:一般时)vs. I'm thinking about it(思考过程:进行时)。
Want 表示愿望。当后面跟另一个动词时,结构为 want + to + 动词原形(不定式)。Want 本身按正常规则变位(want / wants),第二个动词永远保持原形,不加 -s、不加 -ing、不加 -ed。
| 人称 | 代词 | want | + to + 原形 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | I | want | to go / to eat / to learn |
| 2sg | you | want | to go / to eat / to learn |
| 3sg | he / she / it | wants | to go / to eat / to learn |
| 1pl | we | want | to go / to eat / to learn |
| 2pl | you | want | to go / to eat / to learn |
| 3pl | they | want | to go / to eat / to learn |
Want 也可带直接宾语(无第二动词):I want a coffee. She wants a new car. 还可用 宾语 + 不定式 表示希望别人做某事:I want you to listen. She wants him to call her.
否定和疑问。 用 do/does:Do you want to come? / She doesn't want to talk about it. 过去时:wanted(规则变化)。
语体。 Want 直接且中性,在朋友和家人之间完全适用。在商店、餐厅或面对陌生人时可能显得生硬;可改用 would like(见下节)或 Could I have...?
常见错误。 永远不说 I'm wanting:want 是状态动词(见进行时一节)。不能省略 to:I want learn English 是错的,正确形式是 I want to learn English。第二个动词不变位:He wants to eats 是错的;只有 want 变化,不定式不变。
Would like 是 want 的礼貌版本。在与陌生人交流、在商店、餐厅、酒店、正式邮件中,以及任何想显得有礼貌时都应使用它。结构:主语 + would like + to + 动词原形(或 + 直接宾语)。Would 是情态动词,因此所有人称形式相同,第三人称单数不加 -s。
| 人称 | 代词 | would like | + to + 原形 / + 名词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | I | would like ('d like) | to order / a table / some water |
| 2sg | you | would like ('d like) | to order / a table / some water |
| 3sg | he / she / it | would like ('d like) | to order / a table / some water |
| 1pl | we | would like ('d like) | to order / a table / some water |
| 2pl | you | would like ('d like) | to order / a table / some water |
| 3pl | they | would like ('d like) | to order / a table / some water |
缩写。 I would → I'd;同样有 you'd、he'd、she'd、we'd、they'd。口语中 'd 常与后面的词融合。
疑问和否定。 Would you like to join us? / Would you like some water? / I wouldn't like to live in a big city. 问句 Would you like...? 是标准的礼貌提议,比 Do you want...? 友好得多。
**与 like 的区别。** I like coffee = 一般喜好(我喜欢喝咖啡)。I'd like a coffee = 现在,请给我一杯。两者含义完全不同:点餐时不能说 I like a coffee。
常见错误。 would 后不加 -s(she would likes:错)。动词前不能省略 to(I'd like order a pizza:错;正确:I'd like to order a pizza)。后接名词时不加 to:I'd like a beer,而非 I'd like to a beer。
Be going to + 动词原形 表达已计划的、有意向的或有依据的将来。用于说话前已做出的决定(I'm going to call her tonight: I decided this morning),以及基于当下可见证据的预测(Look at the sky: it's going to rain)。结构:主语 + am/is/are + going to + 动词原形。
| 人称 | 代词 | be | going to + 原形 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | I | am ('m) | going to leave / study / travel |
| 2sg | you | are ('re) | going to leave / study / travel |
| 3sg | he / she / it | is ('s) | going to leave / study / travel |
| 1pl | we | are ('re) | going to leave / study / travel |
| 2pl | you | are ('re) | going to leave / study / travel |
| 3pl | they | are ('re) | going to leave / study / travel |
**与 will 的比较。** Will 用于临时决定(The phone's ringing: I'll get it!)、承诺、无可见证据的预测和提议。Be going to 用于事先计划和有依据的预测。I'm going to study tonight(已决定)vs. I'll help you(现在决定)。
口语。 在随意口语中,going to + 动词常缩读为 gonna(I'm gonna call you later)。除了非常随意的对话外,书写时用 going to。Gonna 后面永远不接名词:I'm going to the gym,绝不说 I'm gonna the gym。
否定和疑问。 I'm not going to argue with you. / Are you going to apply for the job? / What is she going to wear?
常见错误。 不要说 I'm going to going:去掉 go,直接说 I'm going to the party(移动)或 I'm going to + 动词(将来)。不能省略 be:I going to leave 是错的,正确:I'm going to leave。
Will 是最简单的将来标志:主语 + will + 动词原形。作为情态动词,will 永远不变形:第三人称不加 -s,后面不接 to。用于: - 临时决定(说话时当下做出):The doorbell: I'll get it. - 预测(尤其是没有可见证据时):AI will change everything. - 承诺和提议:I'll always love you. I'll help you carry that. - 将来的事实:The match will start at 9 p.m.
| 人称 | 代词 | will | + 原形 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | I | will ('ll) | go / call / try |
| 2sg | you | will ('ll) | go / call / try |
| 3sg | he / she / it | will ('ll) | go / call / try |
| 1pl | we | will ('ll) | go / call / try |
| 2pl | you | will ('ll) | go / call / try |
| 3pl | they | will ('ll) | go / call / try |
缩写形式。 I'll、you'll、he'll、she'll、it'll、we'll、they'll;否定 will not → won't(注意拼写,不是 willn't)。
疑问句。 倒装:Will you marry me? / When will the meeting end? 在请求中,Will you...? 显得直接(Will you close the door?);Would you...? 更礼貌(Would you close the door, please?)。
**与 going to 的比较。** I'll call her later(刚决定)vs. I'm going to call her later(已计划好)。两者在许多语境中都正确;选择哪个体现了决定是何时做出的。
常见错误。 will 后不接 to(I will to go:错;I will go)。不变位(She wills go:错;She will go)。在 if 条件句中,if 从句用现在时,不用 will:If it rains, I will stay home(不能说 If it will rain)。
Can 是表达现在能力、可能性、许可和非正式请求的情态动词。Could 是其过去式,表示过去的能力,同时也是现在时中更礼貌/假设性的表达。结构:主语 + can/could + 动词原形:不接 to,第三人称不加 -s。
| 人称 | 代词 | can / could | + 原形 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | I | can / could | swim / drive / help |
| 2sg | you | can / could | swim / drive / help |
| 3sg | he / she / it | can / could | swim / drive / help |
| 1pl | we | can / could | swim / drive / help |
| 2pl | you | can / could | swim / drive / help |
| 3pl | they | can / could | swim / drive / help |
***can* 的用法。** - 能力:I can speak three languages. - 可能性:It can get cold here in summer. - 许可:You can leave early today. - 非正式请求:Can you pass the salt?
***could* 的用法。** - 过去的能力(一般性):When I was a child, I could run for hours.(特定过去时刻的成就用 was/were able to 或 managed to。) - 礼貌请求:Could you help me with this?(比 can 更礼貌) - 可能性/建议:We could go to the cinema tonight. - 假设:If I had more time, I could learn the guitar.
否定形式。 cannot / can't(连写)和 could not / couldn't。
其他时态用 be able to:I have been able to / I will be able to / I was able to. Can 本身没有不定式或 -ing 形式。
常见错误。 can/could 后不接 to(I can to swim:错;I can swim)。第三人称单数不加 -s(She cans dance:错;She can dance)。不要混淆 could(过去或礼貌)与 would(假设性愿望):Could you = 你能...吗?;Would you = 你愿意...吗?
现在完成时把过去的动作与现在联系起来。结构:主语 + have/has + 过去分词。在时间未指明(或动作持续至今/与现在有关)时使用;若提及具体的过去时间如 yesterday 或 in 2020,则用一般过去时。
| 人称 | 代词 | have/has | + 过去分词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | I | have ('ve) | worked / gone / seen / eaten / been |
| 2sg | you | have ('ve) | worked / gone / seen / eaten / been |
| 3sg | he / she / it | has ('s) | worked / gone / seen / eaten / been |
| 1pl | we | have ('ve) | worked / gone / seen / eaten / been |
| 2pl | you | have ('ve) | worked / gone / seen / eaten / been |
| 3pl | they | have ('ve) | worked / gone / seen / eaten / been |
过去分词。 规则动词的过去分词与一般过去时相同,加 -ed(work → worked → worked)。许多常用动词是不规则的(原形/过去式/过去分词):go / went / gone;see / saw / seen;eat / ate / eaten;do / did / done;take / took / taken;write / wrote / written;be / was, were / been;have / had / had;make / made / made;come / came / come。
常见用法和标志词。 - 人生经历:Have you ever been to Japan? - 近期动作及其当下结果:I've lost my keys(= 我现在还找不到)。 - 未结束的时段:I haven't seen him today.(今天还没结束) - 与 for / since 连用:I've lived here for five years / since 2021. - 与 just、already、yet 连用:She's just arrived. We've already eaten. Have you finished yet?
常见错误。 Have went 是错的:go 的过去分词是 gone(I have gone)。He have 是错的:第三人称单数用 has(He has gone)。不要在提及具体过去时间时用现在完成时:I have seen him yesterday 是错的;应说 I saw him yesterday(一般过去时)、I have seen him(无时间状语)或 I have seen him this week(未结束的时段)。been vs. gone:She has been to Paris(去了又回来)vs. She has gone to Paris(还在那里)。
构成否定句几乎总是需要一个助动词加 not。对于 to be,直接加 not:I am not tired(我不累)。一般现在时中大多数其他动词使用 do not / does not + 动词原形:I do not (don't) know(我不知道),She does not (doesn't) like fish(她不喜欢鱼)。一般过去时所有人称都使用 did not (didn't) + 动词原形:We didn't go(我们没去)。情态动词(can、will、should)直接加 not:cannot/can't、won't、shouldn't。注意:标准英语中不使用双重否定-要说 I don't know anything,而不是 I don't know nothing。
一般疑问句(是/否问句)通过把助动词放在主语之前来构成。对于 to be:Are you tired?(你累吗?)。其他动词在现在时中用 do/does + 主语 + 动词原形:Do you speak English? Does she live here?(你会说英语吗?她住在这里吗?)。过去时用 did + 主语 + 动词原形:Did they arrive?(他们到了吗?)。特殊疑问句以疑问词(what、where、when、who、why、how、which)开头,后接同样的助动词 + 主语 + 动词结构:Where do you live?(你住在哪里?)。当疑问词本身充当主语时,保持正常语序,不用助动词:Who called?(谁打来的?)。
大多数名词加 -s 构成复数:book → books、car → cars。以 -s、-ss、-sh、-ch、-x、-z 结尾的名词加 -es:bus → buses、box → boxes、watch → watches。以辅音 + y 结尾的名词把 y 改为 -ies:city → cities、baby → babies。许多以 -f / -fe 结尾的名词改为 -ves:leaf → leaves、knife → knives。一些常用名词是不规则的:man → men、woman → women、child → children、foot → feet、tooth → teeth、mouse → mice、person → people。少数名词单复数同形:fish、sheep、deer。不可数名词(water、information、advice)没有复数形式。
英语形容词从不变化形式-不随性别或数变化:a tall boy、tall girls、tall trees。形容词通常放在所修饰名词之前:a red car、an interesting book。它们也可以放在 to be 及类似的连系动词(seem、look、become、feel)之后:The car is red(车是红色的)。多个形容词连用时,典型语序是:观点 + 大小 + 年龄 + 形状 + 颜色 + 来源 + 材料 + 用途 + 名词-例如 a beautiful small old round red Italian wooden table。实际使用中,两到三个形容词通常就够了。
频率副词说明某事发生的频率:always(100%)、usually(通常)、often(经常)、sometimes(有时)、rarely / seldom(很少)、never(0%)。它们的位置是固定的:放在主要动词之前,但放在 to be 和助动词之后。I always drink tea(我总是喝茶)。She is always late(她总是迟到)。They have never been to Japan(他们从未去过日本)。较长的时间表达,如 every day(每天)、once a week(每周一次)、twice a month(每月两次)、from time to time(偶尔),通常放在句末(或句首):I go running every day(我每天跑步)。标准英语中,不要把单词频率副词放在句末。
三大特征塑造了英语语法的大部分面貌。(1) 助动词:do/does/did、have/has/had、be (am/is/are/was/were) 用于构成疑问句、否定句和复合时态。它们承载时态以及 not,因此主要动词保持原形:Did you see?(你看到了吗?)、She hasn't arrived(她还没到)。(2) 没有语法性别:名词是中性的;只有 he/she/it 标示现实世界的区分(人与物)。形容词和冠词都不变化。(3) 情态动词(can、could、may、might、must、should、will、would)后接**不带 to 的动词原形**:I can swim(我会游泳)、You should rest(你应该休息)、She must go(她必须走)。它们在第三人称单数时不加 -s。